What do peritoneal signs indicate?

Peritoneal signs are indicators of irritation or inflammation of the peritoneum, which is the membrane lining the abdominal cavity. When peritoneal signs are present, they typically manifest through symptoms such as tenderness in the abdomen, guarding, or rebound tenderness; these signs suggest that there is an irritation from a pathological process occurring in the abdomen. A rupture, such as that of an abdominal organ (for example, perforation of the intestine), can lead to the leakage of contents into the peritoneal cavity, subsequently irritating the peritoneum. This irritation is what leads to the characteristic tender feelings and tightening of the abdominal muscles that may be observed upon examination.

The assessment of peritoneal signs is crucial because they can guide a healthcare provider in determining the need for further diagnostic evaluation or potential surgical intervention to address conditions such as appendicitis, perforated viscus, or other intra-abdominal pathologies. Recognizing these signs is an essential skill in assessing acute abdominal conditions, indicating the potential severity and urgency of a patient's situation.